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Power Systems Operations Background
Faculty: Kory Hedman (ASU)
The students are first presented with the basics of optimal power flow and economic dispatch. Key concepts such as power transfer distribution factors (PTDF) are introduced to help students develop necessary intuition behind mathematical models and current distribution across the transmission grid. After that, system reliability is discussed, followed by discussions on notable blackout events. This module brings up the question of how the definition and the modelling of system reliability need to evolve as more renewable resources are integrated into grids.
| Index | Topic Area | Title | URL | Description | Presentation file |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | Intro | Intro | Video | About the summer school and PSERC | Presentation File |
| 2.1 | Renewable Challenges | Challenges with Renewables | Video | Understanding preliminary terms: firm/non-firm, dispatchable, etc. | Presentation File |
| 2.2 | Challenges with Renewables: CAISO | ||||
| 2.3 | Challenges with Renewables: MISO | ||||
| 2.4 | Challenges with Renewables: Ireland and the World | Video | Ireland and the World | ||
| 2.5 | Challenges with Renewables: Reserves | Video | Reserves | ||
| 2.6 | Challenges with Renewables: Opportunities | Video | Opportunities | ||
| 3.1 | Power Flow | Power Flow Concepts: Linearized Power Flow Examples | Video | Linearized power flow examples | Presentation File |
| 3.2 | Power Flow Concepts: Derivation of Decoupled and DC Power Flow | Video | Derivation of decoupled and DC power flow | ||
| 3.3 | Power Flow Concepts: DC Optimal Power Flow (DCOPF) and Examples | Video | DC Optimal Power Flow (DCOPF) and DCOPF Examples: Part 1 | ||
| 3.4 | Power Flow Concepts: DCOPF Examples Part 2 | Video | Exercise: DCOPF Examples: Part 2 |
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| 3.5 | Power Flow Concepts: Shift Factors | Video | Shift factors | ||
| 3.6 | Power Flow Concepts: More on PTDFs | Video | More on PTDFs | ||
| 3.7 | Power Flow Concepts: More on PTDFs continued | Video | More on PTDFs continued | ||
| 3.8 | Power Flow Concepts: Redispatch Exercise 1 | Video | Exercise: Redispatch exercise 1 | ||
| 3.9 | Power Flow Concepts: Redispatch Exercise 2 | Video | Exercise: Redispatch exercise 2 | ||
| 3.10 | Power Flow Concepts: Redispatch Exercise 3 | Video | Exercise: Redispatch exercise 3 | ||
| 3.11 | Power Flow Concepts: Optimal Dispatch Exercise | Video | Exercise: Optimal dispatch | ||
| 3.12 | Power Flow Concepts: DC and AC PF-based PTDFs | Video | Additional information on shift factors: DC and AC PF-based PTDFs | ||
| 4.1 | Reliability Review | Reliability Review: Overview and Definitions | Video | Overview and definitions | Presentation File |
| 4.2 | Reliability Review: Contingency Analysis | Video | Contingency Analysis | ||
| 4.3 | Reliability Review: Notes from NERC documentation | Video | Notes from NERC documentation | ||
| 4.4 | Reliability Review: Northeast Blackout (2003) and Desert Southwest Outage (2011) | Video | Northeast Blackout (2003) and Desert Southwest Outage (2011) |
Inverter-based Resources
Faculty: Mike Ranjram (ASU)
Renewables, such as wind and solar that are connected via inverters, are replacing conventional generator fleets. To understand the challenge of this transition for the grid, this module explains the difference between IBRs and conventional generators in terms of inertia, which is critical to system stability. The operation principles of inverters are then explained, followed by grid-following control and grid-forming control.
| Index | Topic Area | Title | URL | Description | Presentation File |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Overview | Video | |||
| 1.1 | Inertia in the Power System | Intuition on Inertia’s Importance | Video | Develop intuition on why frequency and power are coupled | Presentation File |
| 1.2 | Dynamic Synchronous Generator Model | Video | Quantify the intuition, and set up system model | ||
| 1.3 | Swing Examples | Video | |||
| 1.4 | Multimachine Frequency Dynamics | Video | First swing analysis in solving simplified multimachine systems, generators have different inertias, inertia and system rate of change of frequency and importance in responding to faults | ||
| Exercise 1: Inertia in the Power System | Video | ||||
| 2.1 | Solar, Wind, and Power Electronics | Introduction | Video | Presentation File | |
| 2.2 | Solar Energy | Video | How does it work? Why is it dc? What are typical solar cell ratings? What is MPPT and why do we need it? | ||
| Exercise 2a: Developing a photovoltaic circuit model from a datasheet | Video | ||||
| 2.3 | Wind Energy | Video | How does it work? Do we need MPPT? Doesn’t a spinning turbine have inertia? | ||
| 2.4 | Introduction to Power Electronics: dc/dc Conversion | Video | First introduction to PE, what is it? What are the key principles? How do we transform and control the flow of electrical energy between dc ports? Use in MPPT. Introduce averaged models for system studies. | ||
| 2.5 | Steady State and Boost | Video | |||
| 2.6 | Introduction to Power Electronics: Inverters | Video | Build off above to introduce dc/ac conversion. Introduce single- and three-phase inverter. Develop intuition and quantify SPWM. Present averaged models. | ||
| 2.7 | Three-phase PWMs | Video | |||
| Exercise 2b: Photovoltaic panel maximum power point tracking: Switching boost converter | Video | ||||
| Exercise 2c: Photovoltaic panel maximum power point tracking: Averaged boost converter | Video | ||||
| Exercise 2d: Photovoltaic panel maximum power point tracking | Video | ||||
| 3.1 | Grid-Following Inverters (GFLI) | Grid-Following Inverters (GFLI) | Video | How is an inverter controlled to deliver power to the grid? Why do we need synchronization and how do we synchronize? Introduce dq frame. Explain voltage-controlled current-source strategy, identify control limitations in example PV application (i.e., inverter’s job is to regulate dc bus, MPPT converter job is to dump power onto bus. There is no cooked-in grid “support” in this setup.). Mention new regulations on providing supporting Q. | Presentation File |
| 3.2 | Solar PV Application | Video | |||
| Exercise 3a: A Grid-tied PV System with Grid-Following Control: Switching vs Averaged SPWM Inverter | Video | Tools: LTSPICE, MATLAB with Simulink and Simscape toolboxed | |||
| Exercise 3b.1: A Grid-tied PV System wiht Grid-Following Control: System Study in Simulink/Simscape | Video | ||||
| Exercise 3b.2: A Grid-tied PV System with Grid-Following Control: PV and MPPT Models in Simulink | Video | ||||
| Exercise 3b.3: A Grid-tied PV System with Grid-Following Control: Controllers | Video | ||||
| Exercise 3b.4: A Grid-tied PB System with Grid-Following Control: System Performance and Trade-offs | Video | ||||
| 4.1 | Grid-Forming Inverters (GFMIs) | Overview of GFMIs | Video | General principle and key differences to a GFLI. System expectations of a GFMI. Difference between stability and inertia. Historical context of microgrids, and networks which currently employ extensive IBR deployment. Stress that GFMIs can be “power electronically” identical to GFLIs, the key difference is in control. | Presentation File |
| 4.2 | Control Strategies | Video | |||
| 4.3 | Droop Control | Video | Review grid-forming IBR requirements and explore droop control. | ||
| 4.4 | Intro to Synchronous Machine Emulation | Video | Introduce the concept of SM emulation as a GFMI control strategy alternative to droop control. | ||
| 4.5 | Virtual Oscillator Control | Video | Introduce the concept of non-linear virtual oscillator control as an alternative GFMI control strategy. | ||
| 4.6 | Energy reserves, transients, and active areas of research | Video | Final discussion, emphasis that GFMIs are an active area of research – we have much to learn, discover, and implement and the content in this module will evolve as these rapid advances occur. | ||
| Exercise 4: Parallel-connected Grid-Forming Inverters | Video | Implement a droop controller in Simulink and explore system performance and trade-offs. |
Grid Management and Operations
Faculty: Kory Hedman (ASU)
Module 3 builds upon Mondule 1’s background coverage by first providing more in-depth discussion on intermittent resources, grid operations and ensuring grid reliability. Module 3 then covers how to model emerging variable energy resources, such as solar and wind, in grid operational tools. The module demonstrates how existing modeling and operational practices are insufficient to properly manage and leverage clean, renewable resources, which have different characteristics than conventional fossil-fuel generators. While conventional generators are seen as being fully-dispatchable. Advances in stochastic modeling and operations are necessary to fully leverage these variable resources. The module then dives into various methods connected to decision making under uncertainty and how such advanced methods can improve utilization of renewable resources, reduce overall operational costs, all while maintaining reliability.
| Index | Topic Area | Title | URL | Description | Presentation file |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | Intermittent Resources | Intermittent Resources: Understanding Challenges with Intermittent Resources | Video | Prior studies and real-world examples | Presentation File |
| 1.2 | Intermittent Resources: Prior Studies and Real-World Examples | Video | Understanding challenges with intermittent resources | ||
| 2.1 | Ancillary Services and Inertia | System Frequency Overview | Video | System frequency overview | Presentation File |
| 2.2 | Overview of Generator Response and Ancillary Services | Video | Overview of generator response and ancillary services | ||
| 2.3 | System Response – Reserves | Video | System response: Reserves | ||
| 2.4 | Inertia | Video | Inertia | ||
| 2.5 | Frequency Limitations | Video | Frequency Limitations | ||
| 3.1 | Reserve Modeling | Types of Reserves | Video | Types of reserves | Presentation File |
| 3.2 | Reserve Zones | Video | Reserve Zones | ||
| 3.3 | Reserve Sharing Groups | Video | Reserve sharing groups | ||
| 3.4 | Modeling Constraints (Regulation and Spinning) | Video | Modeling constraints (regulation and spinning) | ||
| 3.5 | Modeling Constraints (Non-spinning and Replacement) | Video | Modeling constraints (non-spinning and replacement) | ||
| 3.6 | Modeling Constraints (System-Wide Procurement) | Video | Modeling constraints (system-wide procurement) | ||
| 3.7 | Modeling – Follow-up Question | Video | Modeling: Follow-up question | ||
| 4.1 | Transmission Contingency Modeling and LODF | Line Outage Distribution Factors (LODF) and Applications | Video | Line outage distribution factors (LODFs) and application in SCED/SCUC | Presentation File |
| 4.2 | Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs) | Video | Power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs) | ||
| 4.3 | Exercise – LODF Example | Video | Exercise: LODF example | ||
| 5.1 | Two-stage Programming | Introduction to Deterministic Optimization (SCUC/OPF) | Video | Introduction to deterministic optimization (SCUC/OPF) | Presentation File |
| 5.2 | Stochastic Unit Commitment | Video | Stochastic unit commitment | ||
| 5.3 | Deterministic vs Stochastic Programming and Decision Variables | Video | Deterministic vs stochastic programming and decision variables | ||
| 5.4 | SCED Formulation (First Stage Modeling) | Video | SCED formulation (first stage modeling) | ||
| 5.5 | SCED Formulation (Second-Stage Modeling: Transmission Contingency) | Video | SCED formulation (second-stage modeling: transmission contingency) | ||
| 5.6 | SCED Formulation (Second-Stage Modeling: Generator Contingency) | Video | SCED formulation (second-stage modeling: generator contingency) | ||
| 5.7 | Stochastic Unit Commitment and Block Diagonal Structure | Video | Stochastic unit commitment and block diagonal structure | ||
| 5.8 | Challenges for Day-Ahead Scheduling and Markets | Video | Challenges for day-ahead scheduling and markets | ||
| 5.9 | Key Takeaways – Difference Between Academic and Practicality | Video | Key takeaways: Difference between academic and practicality |
Grid Cybersecurity
Faculty: Chee-Wooi Ten (MTU)
The electric power grid is advancing in many ways and one key area is in regards to digitization. With these advancements, however, come added risks including cyber threats. This module starts with a coverage of traditional contingency / event analysis and expands into prescreening methods and then dives deep into the potential of cyber threats, how to identify weaknesses, and how to protect against and recover from cyber events in power systems.
| Index | Topic Area | Title | URL | Description | Presentation File |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | Traditional security framework | Grid Security | Video | This sub-module allows students to gain a deep understanding of the original perception of “security” and how the states of insecurity was defined in T. E. DyLiacco’s State Transition Diagram. | Presentation File |
| 1.2 | Evolving SCADA Framework | Video | |||
| 1.3 | Power Flow | Video | |||
| 1.4 | Fundamentals of Power System Protection and Analysis | Video | |||
| 1.5 | Admittance and Impedance Matrices | Video | |||
| 1.6 | Formulation of Newton-Raphson Method | Video | |||
| 1.7 | Formulations of Fast-Decoupled Method and Linearized Power Flow | Video | |||
| 2.1 | Anticipating the contingencies | Anticipating the Contingencies | Video | Exploring N-1, N-2, N-k, M-1-1 contingencies and establishing the fundamentals of combinatorics in correspondence to the nature of natural threats limited by physical location | Presentation File |
| 2.2 | Why Linear Sensitivity Factors are Needed? | Video | |||
| 2.3 | Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs) | Video | The hypothesized “line outage” associated with N-1 and promote quicker calculations of possible overloads through linear sensitivity factors derived from DC power flow. Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs) is one of the two factors is introduced in this session. | ||
| 3.1 | Redefined security | Redefined Security | Video | Presentation File | |
| 3.2 | Understanding the Cyber Risks | Video | |||
| 3.3 | Evolving Cyber Threats | Video | |||
| 3.4 | Intrusion Paths and Plausibility | Video | |||
| 3.5 | Cybersecurity Standards and Incentives | Video | |||
| 3.6 | Extracting the Evidence of Cyber Anomalies | Video | |||
| 3.7 | Evaluating the IP-Based Substations with High Risk Profile | Video | |||
| 3.8 | Evaluating all IP-Based Substations without High Risk Profile | Video | |||
| 3.9 | Attack via Compromised Relays | Video |
Electric Energy Markets
Faculty: Kory Hedman (ASU)
Portions of the electric power sector in the United States have been deregulated to allow for a more competitive environment. While barriers to entry still exist, deregulation has provided opportunities for emerging players, resources, and technologies to reshape this critical energy sector. All wholesale electric energy markets in the United States focus on locational marginal pricing (LMP). Module 7 provides both a high-level understanding of LMPs and electric energy markets and it also provides advanced curriculum on the foundations of LMP pricing via duality theory, an advanced topic that is not covered in any textbook today.
| Index | Topic | Title | URL | Description | Presentation file |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | LMPs | LMPs: Definitions and Examples | Video | Presentation File | |
| 1.2 | LMPs: More Numerical Examples | Video | |||
| 1.3 | LMPs: LMPs and Dual Variables | Video | |||
| 1.4 | LMPs: Exercises LMP Calculation | Video | |||
| 1.5 | LMPs: Exercise: Counter-intuitive Power Flows | Video | |||
| 1.6 | LMPs: Improvements in Efficiency and Prices | Video | |||
| 1.7 | LMPs: Exercise: Can a LMP be lower than lowers generator’s bid? | Video | |||
| 1.8 | LMPs: Exercise: Can a LMP be higher than higher generator’s bid? | Video | |||
| 1.9 | LMPs: Exercise: Can a LMP be negative? | Video | |||
| 1.10 | LMPs: Exercise: Can a LMP decrease with increase in load? | Video | |||
| 1.11 | LMPs: Misc. Exercises | Video | |||
| 1.12 | LMPs: Energy, Congestion, and Loss Components | Video | |||
| 2.1 | Duality and the dual of DCOPF | DCOPF Formulation | Video | Presentation File | |
| 2.2 | Dual of the DCOPF: Objective | Video | |||
| 2.3 | Dual of the DCOPF: Constraints | Video | |||
| 2.4 | Dual of the DCOPF: Sign Restrictions and Complete Formulation | Video | |||
| 2.5 | Dual of the DCOPF: Analyzing Dual Variables and Constraints – Part 1 | Video | |||
| 2.6 | Dual of the DCOPF: Analyzing Dual Variables and Constraints – Part 2 | Video | |||
| 2.7 | Dual of DCOPF: Identifying Terms | Video | |||
| 2.8 | Dual of the DCOPF: Exchange of Money Identity | Video | |||
| 2.9 | Dual of the DCOPF: Alternative Definitions for Congestion Rent | Video |
Power Electronics
| Title | URL |
|---|---|
| Linear electronics vs. switch mode power electronics | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: Bi-positional switch | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: PWM and duty radio | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: CCA 1 | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: CCA 2 | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: Steady-state | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: Volt-sec balance 1 | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: Volte-sec balance 2 | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: Current-sec balance | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: Power balance 1 | Video |
| Basic principles of DC-DC: Power balance 2 | Video |
| Buck converter analysis_part1 | Video |
| Buck converter analysis_part2 | Video |
| Buck converter design | Video |
| Buck design example simulation part 1 | Video |
| Buck design example simulation part 2 | Video |
| Boost converter analysis | Video |
| Boost converter design | Video |
| Buck boost converter analysis | Video |
| Buck boost converter design | Video |
| Cuk converter analysis – Part 1 | Video |
| Cuk converter analysis – Part 2 | Video |
| Cuk converter design | Video |
| k-factor control design: part 1 | Video |
| k-factor control design: part 2 | Video |
| Buck feedback controller design example | Video |
| Buck controller design verification: frequency domain | Video |
| Buck controller design verification: time domain | Video |
| Need for isolation in dc-dc | Video |
| Right hand rules | Video |
| Dot convention – Part 1 | Video |
| Dot convention – Part 2 | Video |
| Dot convention – Part 3 | Video |
| Principles of isolated converters – Equal volts per turn | Video |
| Principles of isolated converters – Volt-sec balance | Video |
| Principles of isolated converters – Flux continuity | Video |
| Principles of isolated converters – Flux continuity | Video |
| Flux continuity examples | Video |
| Forward converter derivation | Video |
| Forward converter analysis – part 1 | Video |
| Forward converter analysis – part 2 | Video |
| Forward converter analysis – part 3 | Video |
| Forward converter design | Video |
Photovoltaic Power Conversion
| Title | URL |
|---|---|
| PV system configurations | Video |
| PV cell model – part 1 | Video |
| PV cell model – part 2 | Video |
| PV I-V characteristics – part 1: Isc and Voc | Video |
| PV I-V characteristics – part 2: Effect of Irr and T | Video |
| PV I-V characteristics – part 3: Effect of Rs, Rsh | Video |
| PV P-V characteristics – Part 1 Pmp_FF_Irr_T | Video |
| PV P-V characteristics – Part 2 Effects of Rs_Rsh_a | Video |
| Series connection of PV cells | Video |
| PV model parameter extraction – Part 1 | Video |
| PV model parameter extraction – Part 2: Rsh_Rs | Video |
| PV model parameter extraction – Part 3: Rs_a_Io | Video |
| PV parameter extraction example – TSM920 | Video |
| PV parameter extraction validation – part 1 | Video |
| PV parameter extraction validation – part 2 | Video |
| Circuit simulation of PV cell – part 1 | Video |
| Circuit simulation of PV cell – part 2 | Video |
| PV string inverter overview Part 1 | Video |
| PV string inverter overview Part 2 | Video |
| String_inverter_specs_part1_IO_protection | Video |
| String_inverter_specs_part2_performance | Video |
| Isolated boost dc-dc stage part 1 | Video |
| Isolated boost dc-dc stage part 2 | Video |
| Two pole grid tied inverter example part 1 | Video |
| Two pole grid tied inverter example part 2 | Video |
| Two pole grid tied inverter example part 3 | Video |
| Two pole grid tied inverter example part 4 | Video |
| Simulation of two pole grid tied inverter part 1 | Video |
| Simulation of two pole grid tied inverter part 2 | Video |